weirdfacts

Ionic substances contain positive and negative ions held by electrostatic attraction in extended structures. A formula unit gives the simplest neutral ratio. Covalent bonds involve shared electron pairs attracted to both nuclei. Transition metals can form several charges, indicated by Roman numerals where needed.

To draw a Lewis structure, count all valence electrons, adjust for ionic charge, connect atoms, then allocate remaining pairs and check electron totals. H normally has a duet; many main-group atoms achieve an octet. A double bond counts as two shared pairs but one region in VSEPR.

INTERACTIVE MODEL

Balance ionic charge

READ THE GRAPH

Explore the relationship

Integer stoichiometric counts; total positive and negative charge must cancel.

Required −1 anions03.156.39.4512.601.534.56Number of + cations
Required −1 anions

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View plotted data as a table
Explore the relationship
SeriesNumber of + cationsRequired −1 anions
Required −1 anions00
Required −1 anions0.10.2
Required −1 anions0.20.4
Required −1 anions0.30.6
Required −1 anions0.40.8
Required −1 anions0.51
Required −1 anions0.61.2
Required −1 anions0.71.4
Required −1 anions0.81.6
Required −1 anions0.91.8
Required −1 anions12
Required −1 anions1.12.2
Required −1 anions1.22.4
Required −1 anions1.32.6
Required −1 anions1.42.8
Required −1 anions1.53
Required −1 anions1.63.2
Required −1 anions1.73.4
Required −1 anions1.83.6
Required −1 anions1.93.8
Required −1 anions24
Required −1 anions2.14.2
Required −1 anions2.24.4
Required −1 anions2.34.6
Required −1 anions2.44.8
Required −1 anions2.55
Required −1 anions2.65.2
Required −1 anions2.75.4
Required −1 anions2.85.6
Required −1 anions2.95.8
Required −1 anions36
Required −1 anions3.16.2
Required −1 anions3.26.4
Required −1 anions3.36.6
Required −1 anions3.46.8
Required −1 anions3.57
Required −1 anions3.67.2
Required −1 anions3.77.4
Required −1 anions3.87.6
Required −1 anions3.97.8
Required −1 anions48
Required −1 anions4.18.2
Required −1 anions4.28.4
Required −1 anions4.38.6
Required −1 anions4.48.8
Required −1 anions4.59
Required −1 anions4.69.2
Required −1 anions4.79.4
Required −1 anions4.89.6
Required −1 anions4.99.8
Required −1 anions510
Required −1 anions5.110.2
Required −1 anions5.210.4
Required −1 anions5.310.6
Required −1 anions5.410.8
Required −1 anions5.511
Required −1 anions5.611.2
Required −1 anions5.711.4
Required −1 anions5.811.6
Required −1 anions5.911.8
Required −1 anions612
Required −1 anions: 0

Explore: Choose a +3 cation with −1 anions and identify the smallest neutral count.

2Al3++3O2Al2O32\mathrm{Al}^{3+}+3\mathrm O^{2-}\longrightarrow\mathrm{Al}_2\mathrm O_3
WORKED EXAMPLE

Write the formula of magnesium nitride using Mg²⁺ and N3N^{3-}.

  1. The lowest common charge magnitude is six.
  2. Three Mg²⁺ balance two N3N^{3-}: Mg₃N₂.
Assumed knowledge

Valence electrons and simple ratios.

Learning checkpoints & sourceYOUR LEARNING CHECKPOINT
  • Construct ionic formulas and names.
  • Draw Lewis structures and count bonding and lone pairs.
QCAA Chemistry · Unit 1 · Properties and structure of atoms
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