weirdfacts
Year 11 / Intermolecular forces and gases

A bond dipole is only part of the story.

Electron regions arrange to reduce repulsion. Two regions give a linear arrangement, three trigonal planar and four tetrahedral. With four regions, one lone pair gives a trigonal pyramidal molecule and two lone pairs give a bent molecule. Lone pairs tend to compress bond angles.

Molecular polarity depends on vector addition of bond dipoles. CO₂ has polar bonds but their equal opposite dipoles cancel in a linear molecule. Water is bent, so its bond dipoles do not cancel. Identical surrounding atoms and symmetry are important when deciding cancellation.

INTERACTIVE MODEL

Two bond dipoles add

READ THE GRAPH

Explore the relationship

Two equal dipoles: they cancel at 180° but not in a bent arrangement. This model is not a full VSEPR energy calculation.

Resultant dipole magnitude00.37120.74251.1141.48590112.5135157.5180Angle between identical bonds / degrees
Resultant dipole magnitude

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Explore the relationship
SeriesAngle between identical bonds / degreesResultant dipole magnitude
Resultant dipole magnitude901.41421
Resultant dipole magnitude91.51.39558
Resultant dipole magnitude931.37671
Resultant dipole magnitude94.51.3576
Resultant dipole magnitude961.33826
Resultant dipole magnitude97.51.31869
Resultant dipole magnitude991.2989
Resultant dipole magnitude100.51.27888
Resultant dipole magnitude1021.25864
Resultant dipole magnitude103.51.23819
Resultant dipole magnitude1051.21752
Resultant dipole magnitude106.51.19665
Resultant dipole magnitude1081.17557
Resultant dipole magnitude109.51.15429
Resultant dipole magnitude1111.13281
Resultant dipole magnitude112.51.11114
Resultant dipole magnitude1141.08928
Resultant dipole magnitude115.51.06723
Resultant dipole magnitude1171.045
Resultant dipole magnitude118.51.02259
Resultant dipole magnitude1201
Resultant dipole magnitude121.50.977242
Resultant dipole magnitude1230.954318
Resultant dipole magnitude124.50.931229
Resultant dipole magnitude1260.907981
Resultant dipole magnitude127.50.884577
Resultant dipole magnitude1290.861022
Resultant dipole magnitude130.50.837319
Resultant dipole magnitude1320.813473
Resultant dipole magnitude133.50.789488
Resultant dipole magnitude1350.765367
Resultant dipole magnitude136.50.741115
Resultant dipole magnitude1380.716736
Resultant dipole magnitude139.50.692234
Resultant dipole magnitude1410.667614
Resultant dipole magnitude142.50.642879
Resultant dipole magnitude1440.618034
Resultant dipole magnitude145.50.593083
Resultant dipole magnitude1470.568031
Resultant dipole magnitude148.50.542881
Resultant dipole magnitude1500.517638
Resultant dipole magnitude151.50.492307
Resultant dipole magnitude1530.466891
Resultant dipole magnitude154.50.441395
Resultant dipole magnitude1560.415823
Resultant dipole magnitude157.50.390181
Resultant dipole magnitude1590.364471
Resultant dipole magnitude160.50.338699
Resultant dipole magnitude1620.312869
Resultant dipole magnitude163.50.286985
Resultant dipole magnitude1650.261052
Resultant dipole magnitude166.50.235075
Resultant dipole magnitude1680.209057
Resultant dipole magnitude169.50.183003
Resultant dipole magnitude1710.156918
Resultant dipole magnitude172.50.130806
Resultant dipole magnitude1740.104672
Resultant dipole magnitude175.50.0785196
Resultant dipole magnitude1770.0523539
Resultant dipole magnitude178.50.0261792
Resultant dipole magnitude1801.22465e-16
Resultant dipole magnitude: 1.4142

Explore: Compare equal bond dipoles at 180° and at a bent angle.

μmolecule=μbond\vec\mu_{\rm molecule}=\sum\vec\mu_{\rm bond}
WORKED EXAMPLE

Predict shape and polarity of water.

  1. Oxygen has two bonding regions and two lone pairs: four regions total.
  2. The molecular shape is bent, approximately 104.5°, and the dipoles do not cancel.
Assumed knowledge

Lewis structures and electronegativity.

Learning checkpoints & sourceYOUR LEARNING CHECKPOINT
  • Use VSEPR to predict shapes and approximate bond angles.
  • Determine molecular polarity from shape and bond dipoles.
QCAA Chemistry · Unit 2 · Intermolecular forces and gases
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